Pompeii: A City Frozen in Time

Pompeii – The Challenge of Tracing Everyday Lives of the Past

When studying ancient Indian architecture, one notices that people built lasting structures for the eternal and powerful, which has led to the creation of some splendid temple architecture across the subcontinent. Even in more recent history, palaces and fortresses were primarily constructed for the ruling elite. However, it is difficult to trace how the common folk lived, as they left little footprint of their private buildings behind. Most likely, their houses were made of local materials, which, unlike their monumental counterparts, could not survive the test of time, wars, plundering, and natural calamities.

A case in point is ,the ruins of ancient places like Hampi and Badami showcase huge and amazing monuments built for the eternal, but the lives of the mortals who built these timeless structures, lived, and moved around them have left little physical evidence. There are hardly any clues about the common life in the past to learn from or gain insight into.

I suppose this must be a challenge faced by scholars when studying civilizations across the world. From ancient Egypt to the Renaissance and Mughal India, tracing the lives of common people is difficult. There are few exceptions, like the Indus Valley Civilization, where more evidence of everyday life exists.

Physical evidence of how common people lived is scarce, whereas monumental structures stand as testimonies to the power of gods and rulers. The same is also true for the Roman Empire, one of the most successful empires that lasted over a thousand years. Like historic places in India, the Roman Empire‘s remains are filled with monuments, temples, palaces, and public structures, but little evidence exists of how the common folk lived in their private quarters.

Pompeii: A Frozen City

Pompeii is one exception in the Roman Empire, however, an ancient Pompeii city that remains frozen in time. When we visited Italy in 2017, including Pompeii in our itinerary was essential. We were eager to see how ancient Romans lived and experienced social life.

Pompeii is located about 70 kilometers from Naples, one of the major cities in southern Italy. This bustling city thrived during ancient Rome. However, in 79 AD, a catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius, which lasted for more than two days, buried it under volcanic ash, leaving it hidden for over 1,700 years. Rediscovered in the 18th century, Pompeii is now an open museum and an active archaeological site. Once home to over 11,000 residents, it was a thriving port city before being buried by the eruption.

The ancient city, founded around 600 BC, sits atop a hill. Visitors can enter Pompeii through various gates, and each one is as good to enter as another. There is a ticket counter at the main entrance, though entry is free on Sundays. The buzz of tourists as we reached the base of this frozen city helped us calm down our excitement.

The Forum at Pompeii

As we entered, we walked up the ramparts that led to the center of the city, the Forum, surrounded by the basilica, temple, city hall, shops, and commercial buildings. The experience felt surreal. While the tourists created a buzz, I was certain it was only a faint echo of what the town must have been like before the devastating volcano erupted and silenced it. From the town, you can still see Mount Vesuvius, an active volcano that last erupted in 1944, and imagine what that day 2,000 years ago must have felt like.

The Forum here, just like any other Roman town, was the commercial, religious, and political heart of the place. The Temple of Jupiter was a place of worship, the city hall was where citizens voted, and the basilica served as the seat of justice. The square is encircled by commercial buildings, and many lanes—both commercial and residential—lead to this grand square.

 Urban Planning and Design

As we moved from the Forum to the lanes, we were amazed by the careful urban planning and design of this bustling Roman port town. The place had separate carriageways and pathways, with stepping stones marking single, double, and, in the case of thoroughfare, triple lanes. The Romans had ingeniously used recycled pottery, volcanic stones, marble chips, etc., for paving, with reflective elements for better visibility at night. This showcased the wisdom and foresight of their city planners, offering valuable lessons that even contemporary designers could learn from. 

Seen alongside Rome, Pompeii reveals how everyday urban life—not just imperial ambition—shaped the planning of ancient cities.